Individual Relationship with Your Friends free essay sample

Mr. Hanif Abu Bakar Dengan berpandukan bincangkan bagaimana media atas talian (termasuklah sms dan sebagainya) boleh memberi manfaat kepada pelajar dan pensyarah semasa berkomunikasi. Bincangkan juga kelemahan komunikasi atas talian berbanding komunikasi bersemuka. Sila cadangkan cara mengatasi kelemahan tersebut dan perkara-perkara yang boleh diimplemenkan di Unimap dalam memudahkan komunikasi antara pelajar dan pensyarah. Anda boleh menggunakan teori komunikasi/media seperti Media Richness Theory bagi membantu tugasan anda. Bagi mendapatkan jawapan, sila temuramah sekurang-kurangnya lima pensyarah yang menggunakan media atas talian untuk berkomunikasi dengan pelajarnya. Sila sertakan bukti temuramah bersama tugasan atau semasa pembentangan. Discuss how online media (including sms, etc. ) can be beneficial to students and lecturers to communicate or share information with each other. Also discuss the disadvantages of online communication comparing to face-to-face communication. Please suggest how to overcome these weaknesses and the things that can be implemented in UniMAP in facilitating communication between students and lecturers. You can use any theories of communication / media such as Media Richness Theory to help your assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Relationship with Your Friends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To get the answer, please interview at least five lecturers who use online media to communicate with students. Please attach proof of interviews with assignments or during a presentation. Interviews should be recorded All transcripts should be attached with the assignments Assignment should be no less than 30 pages Madya Abdul Aziz Mahmuddin What are the effective communication strategies used by UniMAP’s lectures? Interview at least 5 lecturers and answer the above question. Please provide a brief biodata of your respondents. a)Record the interview (to be submitted in the CD together with the photograph of the engineer (attach in your report) b)Provide organization’s profile and biography of the respondent (interviewee) c)Transform the dialog into a written format and analyse the information to answer the above statement Relate your discussion with personal experiences, concepts and elements of interpersonal communication (e. g. social penetration theory) as well as the process of relationship development. Bincangkan bagaimana kamu membangunkan hubungan individu dengan sahabat kamu. Kaitkan perbincangan kamu denggan pengalaman peribadi, konsep dan elemen komunikasi interpersonal (e. g. teori penembusan sosial) yang mana sebagai proses pembangunan hubungan. Based on the above statement, you are required to review and discuss in-depth and critical of the statement. You need to interview the engineers/ businessman of any organization to support the statement. In this task, you need to: a)Record the interview (to be submitted in the CD together with the photograph of the engineer (attach in your report) b)Provide organization’s profile and biography of the respondent (interviewee) c)Transform the dialog into a written format and analyze the information to answer the above statement

The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects

The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects Introduction According to Paltseva and Roine (para. 1), natural resources contribute to spending, labor income, and jobs. These resources support numerous jobs and offer employment to the residents of a country. Natural resources and the educated workforce are interconnected and it is of great importance for the state to generate a quality labor force via the attainment of higher education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the globalization processes started, it was prudent to assume that natural and environmental resources had no competition because resources were in abundance and the economy was using them in an unlimited way. Wealth, jobs, and prosperity were got from these resources via the extractive industries. In turn, the industries converted the resources into commodities. A healthy economy, and a healthy environmen t could be achieved, but not at the same time. Economic competition was not rife and most of the resources in the environment were free. However, the current scenario predetermines that there is the increased competition for the natural resources that continues to grow. These resources are no longer abundant with the increase in human population that is depleting them. This essay will highlight the economic effects of the environment and the natural resources. The Effect of Resources on the Economy According to Poser (20), natural resources can no longer satisfy the human demands that are placed on them. Therefore, when the resources are allocated to a particular use, other application methods compete with the primary one. It is worth noting that such a trade-off means that the decisions to allocate the resources, like development and protection, generate costs and benefits. They have ramifications for the present and future inhabitants of the nearby communities and the entire regio ns. In this paper, it is clear that a natural resource cannot satisfy the demand for the service and goods that it provides. Subsequently, to understand the economic ramifications of the development or protection of the economic resources, one should understand the extent to which it will affect the aforementioned competition.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One should keep in mind that the economic value of the natural resources stems from their commercial demands, which entails their development or extraction. The term extraction refers to activities, industries, and the use of resources associated with the production of timber, grazing, mining, and various activities that electrically, physically, or chemically remove several elements from their sources. The term development can be regarded as occupation of a site by structures set up by human beings. This occur s mostly in the event of urbanization. It also entails intense activities by the human beings such as conversion of open land into commercial and housing buildings, the change of the floral community in the forest, the development of recreational sites for the developing industries, and other aspects. The commercial demand for the resources in the environment comes from the public and private enterprises. This is defined broadly to include the groups that sponsor the development and extractive activities. There are two types of demand for the natural resources. First, there is the identification of a specific development, or extractive use of a piece of land that possesses various characteristics. These characteristics can cover the fact that it uses the resources in a direct manner, it depletes the stocks of a number of resources, and that it has a better position compared to the competitors with regard to economic competitiveness (Sarsby and Meggyes 39). Although the identificatio n of a particular use is purposeful, it is arbitrary. This kind of demand is mostly associated with extractive industries such as forestry, mining, and industrial farming. Generally, only a single commercial industry has benefits from some use of the natural resources. In the public domain and protection of resources, the economic significance of various natural resources use is expressed in terms of incomes and jobs for the local populace and profits for the local firms. In several cases, the aforementioned commercial use manifests as the only way for the local residents to derive incomes, profits, and jobs from the natural resources in the area. It is a common event that the extractive or development uses of land are allowed. This translates to gains for the local economy in terms of profits, incomes, and jobs. However, if there is a restriction of these services, then the land will lack a positive influence on the particular economy (Qazi and Qazi 207).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Environment, Resources, and Their Economic Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures of Economic Benefits Assessment of economic benefits is achieved through four measures which include labor, income, employment, and value added. To understand these impacts, the principal idea is that the economic impacts of the resources and other economic activities are widespread after assessing the linkages between the various sectors of the country’s economy. This means that the economic activities related to the environmental resources spread the economic benefits via the multiplier effect. Mining and other businesses related to tourism spend money, hire workers in the economy, and this translates to further income and spending. Hence, in the multiplier effect, the economic activities are directly connected to the resource base of the state and are amplified because their hiring and spending in the eco nomy creates multiple income layers for numerous sectors (Qazi and Qazi 245). The multiplier is an accepted and practiced technique that is used in the assessment of the ramification of business activities in the region. The basis for the calculation of the economic ramification of the environment and the resources via the multiplier effect is an example of the output-input model. The analysis of the economic impacts entails the calculation of the extent to which environmental activities stimulate economic effects. Based on this assessment, the results from the aforementioned model quantify the effects of the cluster of business activities developed around environmental resources (Hackett 340). Although the output-input analysis requires an advanced training on the economy for full understanding of the economic benefits, the elements may be stated in terms that are straightforward. To arrive at the overall economic impacts, economists have to assess the initial effects of purchases and payroll. The economic effects mentioned above are referred to as direct. Subsequently, the induced and direct effects emanate from the local purchases and the payroll. The aforementioned effects are assessed through various measures, which include the value added, employment, labor income, and the overall economic impact. Total impact refers to the contribution of the resource to the economic activity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is a measure of the yearly value of services and goods that are associated with business activities, which rely on natural resources. Value added means the general contribution that a resource has towards a country’s economy. Labor income is the contribution that the resource has on salaries and wages. Last, employment is the number of jobs that are associated with the aforementioned economic activities that are tied to the natural resources (Resosudarmo 50). Specific Economic Activities Recreational activities are the ones in which the benefits of the environmental activities can be assessed. Natural resources form the basis for most of the recreational activities in various parts of the world. These resources must be managed and their maintenance should be given the utmost consideration. Hunting, fishing, and wildlife viewing are also activities that are connected to economic impacts. Most regions have departments that ensure the aforementioned activities are catered for based on their economic impacts. Coastal tourism is also an environmental resource that makes immerse economic contribution. Most educated people prefer to reside in areas that have natural resources with high quality. Environmental resources are also sources of amenities, which make working and living in a particular region to be more pleasant (James 35). Unlike the consumer goods that are purchased in specific stores, natural amenities’ consumption is catered for by the federal government or the state. In other locations, regulatory bodies deal with it. Mountains and beaches are environmental resources that help in attraction and retention of the skilled workers in various countries as this is directly connected to economic benefits. Factors for the quality of life are vital factors in the recruitment and retention of the skilled workers and entrepreneurs. The ramification of the natural resources has been confirmed in numerous research studies that tend to look at the inv estors choices. Some natural characteristics of a country could enhance its attractiveness. Moreover, to add to the income generated and the local jobs connected with spending on recreation process, it is clear that the amenities engender consumer surplus with regard to the economic value. The surplus is the difference of whatever consumers are willing to pay for the amenities like lakes and beaches and the value that they pay for to enjoy the benefits. Surveys have estimated that the economic value, which consumers place on various types of recreation like camping, hunting, wildlife, and swimming, translates to billion dollars. For countries that are endowed with the aforementioned resources, there is a huge value that reflects high economic benefits (United Nations 142). Forestry is another environmental activity that provides the basis for economic activities. This form of natural resource has widespread economic ramification with activities line logging and forestry amounting to billions of dollars. These activities rank as the most significant parts of the manufacturing sector. In the direct terms, the forestry industry of the state is the first in employment among the manufacturing sectors in many countries. When the economy is strong, the annual exports from the products amount to billions. Generally, the export of forest products has grown and the exports are poised to attain significant growth in the future. Forestry has had immense impact on the economy of countries that are endowed with the resources because it is a source of employment opportunities (James 20). Minerals are also environmental and natural resources that have an economic impact on a country. Mining activities such as quarrying are rampant in various parts of the world. This results from the endowment of the state with resources that are usable. Quarries and mines extend to various regions and are in the rural and urban areas. The economic impact is huge with mining being a driver of the economy in many regions. It contributes to not only the value added but also to numerous jobs connected to the industry via induced, indirect, or direct effects (Resosudarmo 67). Commercial fishing is also another domain in which the economic impact of natural resources can be assessed. In the recent past, various regions have witnessed the transformation of the realm of commercial fishing, which is vital in an economy that depends on resources. Commercial fishing is a business that keeps alive the character of various regions. Presently, it includes a bubbling aquaculture industry in which fresh techniques have created new opportunities for businesses in a number of countries. Commercial fisheries have accounted for millions in revenue (Poser 10). According to the aforementioned findings, natural resources contribute to spending, labor income, and jobs. Natural resources support more jobs and employment offers than any other asset in a state. It should also be mentioned that na tural resources and the educated workforce are interconnected and complimentary. On one hand, it is important that a state generates the quality of labor force through the attainment of higher education. The state also has to retain the educated population and this is assisted by maintenance of the integrity of the natural resources. In addition to creation of jobs, natural resources help in preservation of the human capital because of the fact that educated people are mobile in nature, human capital, and amenities are complementary. Amenities like natural resources have a positive influence on the quality of life of a country’s residents. A high life quality means that the residents have a high likelihood of remaining where they are. The natural environment is also influential in maintaining the health of its inhabitants (Poser 20). Individuals benefit immensely from their contact with the nature. Hence, preservation of the natural resources is a part of the health strategy of a state. Overall, the true value of the natural resources is high. Therefore, they should be considered vital in the development of the economy. The strategy of the state should be to focus on the rewarding business of the natural and environmental resources and enhance the quality of life of the state in the process. Thus, it should be a central part of regional and local economic strategies (Qazi and Qazi 35). A Table Showing How the Economy Depends on Natural Resources Source: Paltseva and Roine Conclusion In summary, the environment and natural resources have a huge economic impact that is felt in domains such as employment, which has a direct impact on the countrys inhabitants life quality. The promotion of the natural resources base should be a key in the development policy of all economies. During the time of economic uncertainties, relevant departments need to utilize their resources in promotion of development that can translate to benefits of businesses. Natural resour ces play a great role in taking such economic decisions. This essay has articulated the economic benefits of the environment and natural resources. It is important for a country to take care of its natural environment because of the accruing economic benefits. Several measures of how natural resources contribute to the economy have been assessed. Hackett, Steven C. Environmental and Natural Resources Economics: Theory, Policy, and the Sustainable Society. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2011. Print. James, David. The Application of Economic Techniques in Environmental Impact Assessment. New York: Springer, 1994. Print. Paltseva, Elena and Jesper Roine. Are Natural Resources Good or Bad for Development? 2011. Web. Poser, Nadine. Economic, Environmental and Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism: An Analysis from Mexico. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2008. Print. Qazi, Shabir Ahmad and Navaid Shabir Qazi. Natural Resource Conservation and Environment Management. New Delhi: APH Publishing, 2008. Print. Resosu darmo, Budy P. The Impact of Environmental Policies on a Developing Economy. Munich: VDM Publishing, 2010. Print Sarsby, R. W. and T. Meggyes. The Exploitation of Natural Resources and the Consequences: The Proceedings of Green 3 : the 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnics Related to the European Environment Held in Berlin, June 2000. London: Thomas Telford, 2001. Print. United Nations. Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth. Stevenage: UNEP/Earthprint, 2011. Print.

Special education needs in Warnock Report Essay

Special education needs in Warnock Report - Essay Example Mostly the government’s rules and regulations are designed according to the physical environment and the physical activities of human beings. The same applies in the education system too; as the policies on education are objected to meet the physical and cultural requirements of the children. Resultantly, such objectives are certain to create a huge gap between the psychological requirements of children and the ongoing education practices. Normally, children are emotional in their nature due to the need of dependency; as a result they are more comfortable with emotional attachment. Their nature, personality and the learning ability is structured depending upon the emotional love and affection they entertain in their day to day life. Apparently, the learning ability varies in every child due to the variations in the environment they are grown up. Therefore, the equal standard education plan may be applicable to a mass of student but not to those who are having disability in lea rning skill. Warnock report came up in the United Kingdom as a revolution in education, advocating for the need of special education system for the children with learning disabilities. The report was against the education system for treating child education with an objective approach. The report talks against the deliberative formalities in teaching styles. The report laid foundations for the introduction of statements of special educational need in England and Wales in 1980 and the statement process has been considered as one of the most major changes in education system of the United Kingdom. 1944 act on education system had been designed to provide education to the children on the basis of age, aptitude and ability. Disabled Children were segregated in eleven several categories of handicap. That included educationally subnormal, and delicate as well as blind. However, the then general viewpoint of the education system was that the child should fit the school rather than the schoo l fit the child (Warnock, 1978). In the year 1974, Warnock Committee chaired by Mary Warnock, was formed to design a new system of education; the committee came up with Warnock Report in 1978, which was objected to look at the needs of children requiring special education. The report concluded that there are 20% children who require special educational need but 2% among them need the special support and the remaining 18% of student can be given care with mainstream school’s facilities. Finally the report recommended that there should be dedicated provision for children with SEN which would be able to protect the 2% and ensure that they are not deprived of the provision (Warnock, 1979). This Report brought another educational reform in action that was Education Act 1981, which added the responsibility to the local education authorities to subjectively recognize and assess pupils with SEN and decide the suitable provision to apply on them. The 1981 Act, afterward successfully s urpassed by Education act 1993 and 1996, which bound the state to announce a code of practice on special education need ordering all the local education authority to go as per the SEN provision and made it an obligatory responsibility for all concerned bodies including the school administration to give special care to the children with special education need. The education act of 1981 also allowed the parents of the SEN children to make an appeal to the LEA and to the state government in

Mythical man-months Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mythical man-months - Essay Example One of the first problems that existed previously was that any activity was taken up with a sense of over-confident optimism with the belief that nothing could go wrong at all. But, even the biggest of corporations and the most intelligent of people make mistakes. Therefore, the industry experts have devised new techniques for debugging any errors that are encountered. Any occurrence of an error is considered as a risk and under such a scenario, Risk mitigation and monitoring management techniques (RMMM) are adopted. Under this approach, all possible risks that may arise in the development of the application are identified and they are prioritized according to their impact and efforts are made to eliminate them beforehand or whenever they are encountered. The second deficiency is with estimation of the Cost and effort. Though, the man-month is considered to be a fallacious concept, it is still used in estimation, with the only change being that industry has come up with certain concrete mathematical formulas under different techniques by which the man-months can be estimated and the effort can be calculated. One major observation in these modern techniques has been that the formulas for these methods has been devised using historical data from previous projects that have been taken up by the industry. Thus, the only limitation in this aspect is that any project may not conform to stay with the historical limits and may go out of range at any time. Thus, it is extremely important to devise concrete techniques even today.Earlier, scheduling the testing stage for any Software project was the most mismanaged aspect and the industry was not particularly concerned about it. But, today's software products are very specific and in order to s atisfy the customer, products are examined in minute detail. For this, the industry uses the concepts of '' and '' testing that uses the approach of enabling the user to assess the product and help the maintenance team to unearth all underlying errors. Even prior to this stage, the Spiral Model of Software development, which is popular in the industry today, is of a cyclic nature, which uses the concept of evolutionary prototyping and constant customer feedback, that minimizes the chances of any errors, thereby ultimately reducing the burden on the testing team.Today, Large software systems are developed in a planned and systematic manner, which eliminates yesteryear problems of understandability and clarity. Under this approach, complex tasks are broken down into simpler ones and each simple task (that is known as a module) is assigned to a team, wherein each individual solution is then assimilated through proper & preplanned interfaces that connect every individual module hierarch ically. Present software is developed in such a manner that there is always scope for adding enhancements and additional features to it. This is done under the concept of adaptive maintenance. The interesting thing with present SW engineering methodologies has been that such provisions for all possible add-ons are predetermined at the planning stage itself, with a major emphasis on reusability and platform independence.A major difference SW engineering and any other form engineering say in the construction domain is that analysis is much more complex, with some

Survey of job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey of job - Assignment Example They cited large pay and stability of income in choosing a job in the private sector as well as the training they could get from it in addition to their education. They also cited doing what they would like to do and have professional satisfaction. They cited that the prestige in working in their home country lies in the corporate world and business. Most works first in the corporate world to get an experience and feel of the business world then put up their own business. Business is also perceived well in their culture and is desired by many to be the road towards financial success and being in control of their time (that is, they do not have to wake early morning to go work and experience the heavy Manila traffic). Regarding working in the government, they were asked if it is possible to get jobs in the government even if you are from a middle-class family. They said yes for as long as the prospective applicant is well connected. They mentioned that while there are some middle class background Filipinos can get into the government with their own merits, most still depends on one’s connections. If one has connections either from relatives, family friendship or political patrons it is almost certain that one can get into the government. Most of them frown on working for the government because government is generally perceived to be corrupt and incompetent. There is prestige in working for government in their home country. They also worry that their education may become useless because of the bureaucracy. The backgrounds of the respondents vary with some taking business administration, some in line with education and engineering. In their culture, most honest jobs in the corporate and business world is respected and has prestige if one is good at it. They generally strive for jobs that they believe they like with all of the jobs including law, business, education and corporate having the same level of

Marketing Strategy of Cadbury

Marketing Strategy of Cadbury Cadbury India is a food product company dealing in Chocolate Confectionery, Beverages, Candy and Snacks. Cadbury is the market leader in Chocolate Industry with a market share of 70%. Some of their favorite products are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Celebrations, Eclairs, Gems and Temptations, Bournvita. John Cadbury, the founder of the Cadbury business was born on 12th August 1801. Cadbury was founded 200 years ago when John Cadbury has opened his shop in Birmingham selling chocolate and cocoa with other glossary. Cadbury started its operation in India in 1948 by importing chocolates and distributing in the Indian Market. This project shows some research on current marketing strategy used by Cadbury in Indian market. I have also try to find some of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats of the Cadbury for Indian chocolate industry. Table of Contents 3 1. About Cadbury 4 2. Cadbury in India 4 3. Aim Objective of the Project 6 4. Comparative Analysis 7 5. Marketing Mix of Cadbury 9 10 6. Current Marketing Strategies used by Cadbury and Market Segments 14 7. SWOT Analysis of Cadbury 16 8.Conclusion 17 9. Reference List 18 About Cadbury Cadbury was founded 200 years ago. Cadbury is a food product company producing Chocolate products. They are the market leader of this industry holding 70% of the total market share. Some of the well-known products of Cadbury are Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Eclairs, Celebrations, Temptations, Bournvita and Gems. John Cadbury, the founder of the Cadbury business was born on 12th August 1801. In 1984, he opened his first grocery shop in Birmingham. He sold cocoa, chocolate products for drinking, which were prepared using pestle and mortar, as well as other products. In 1831, John decided to start manufacturing on large scale. He purchased a warehouse for it. Cadbury is one of the largest companies in the world. In 1840, they introduced chocolate for consumption with very decorative packaging. The most widely known and top grossing product, Dairy Milk, was launched in 1905 to compete with the leading brands of Swiss milk chocolates. By 1913, Dairy Milk had become the companys bestseller. After a few years it gained the recognition as a leading chocolate product. (Cadbury, n.d.) Cadbury in India Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Foods Inc. In 1948 Cadbury starts its operations in India by importing chocolates, but today it owns five manufacturing companies and 4 sales offices. Its corporate office is in Mumbai.   The core purpose of Cadbury was to make today delicious. In India, Cadbury operates in four categories i.e. milk food drink, chocolate confectionery, candy and gum. Cadbury is the market leader in chocolate business. The pure taste of Dairy Milk describes the taste of chocolate for Indian consumers. Bournvita is the leading product in milk food drinks and candy halls is the leading product of candies in the country. Since 1965, Cadbury has also started the farming of cocoa in India. (Cadbury India Ltd., n.d.) Aim Objective of the Project Aim: To examine the marketing strategies and SWOT analysis of Cadburys Dairy Milk. Objectives: By conducting research to evaluate marketing strategies and to know the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats of Cadbury by using proper theories. Comparative Analysis The Indian chocolate market is getting bigger and better. On one hand there are imported varieties and on the other companies like Cadbury launch their own products of international standards. In India in early 90s market share of Cadbury was 80% but after the Nestle enters to Indian Chocolate industry the Cadburys share reduce to 70%, 15% share is hold by Nestle, 15% by Amul and other companies. The higher competition is between Cadbury and Nestle as Nestle is trying to have tough fight with Cadbury. (Indian Mirror, 2011) Nestle India Ltd: Nestle was connected with India since 1912. They set up first manufacturing unit in 1961 in India and then they open total 7 manufacturing units in India up to 2006. They were manufacturing Milk Products and Nutrition, Beverages, Cooking Aids. They launched there Premium Milk Chocolate, Milky Bar, Crunch and Bar One in India against the competition of Cadbury Dairy Milk and 5 Star. (Nestle India Ltd., n.d.) Kit Kat was Launch in India in 1995 and it becomes the worlds most popular chocolate within a short time of its launch and it was according to the target of the Nestle. Against the competition of Kit Kat Cadbury launch its Perk, to safeguard its brand. Kit Kat and Perk was a new product segment in the form of wafer chocolates as anytime snacks. Kit Kat sells was more than the Perk in the outlets where both were available. There was a neck to neck competition between both the products. It was also said threat it was dangerous for the mother products of Cadbury Dairy Milk. Amul: Amul Milk Chocolate, Badam Bar, Crunch and Fruit N Nuts were launch by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) in 1974. But due to lack of its focus on international market and it was not able to raise its market shares. (Gujarat Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation, 2000-2001) Marketing Mix of Cadbury After segmenting the market and positioning itself to outdo their competitors, it needs to come up with different strategies. The 4 Ps used by Cadbury are: Product: The Company should design and manufacture its products so as to improve the customer experience. Product Success The meaning of Product is anything tangible or intangible that can be offered to the customers for the proposed market segments either in the domestic or international market. It includes packaging, guarantee, quality etc. Every company will compete for customers by satisfying their expectation constantly. But the best company will go beyond the expectations by delivering additional benefits, which they would have never imagined. Cadbury offers a wide variety of products which include: I. Chocolates: Fruit Nut, Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Eclairs, Gems, Temptation, Nutties, Milk Treat. II. Beverages: Drinking Chocolate, Bournvita and Cocoa. III. Snacks: Bytes IV. Candy: Halls V. Gums: Bubbaloo Place:  The place means to identify the physical distribution of the product where the product should be available for the customer at the right place, time and quantity. It also consists of roles of channel for distribution. For the success of any product in the Indian market, the product should be introduced to the retail shelves. Buyers play an important role for its success rather than brand and market shares. With the increase in technology and competitive pressure, it is difficult to retain a unique product for a long period. The brand that gets the greatest number of customers, sells the most products. Proper channels of distribution also play an important role. If the product reaches the market at the right time, only than will the consumer will have access to the products. Increases in distribution and channel cost go together. Marketing cost of Cadbury is 18% of its total cost which is higher as compared to Nestle and Parry. Price: Pricing is the most important part of a marketing mix as it is the only area by which revenue is generated for the company. Price includes the catalog prices, discounts available and different options available for financing etc. Before deciding the price strategy the feasible reactions of the competitors are also have to be taken into consideration. The pricing of the product must consider the appropriate demand-supply equation. The strategy used by Cadbury for satisfying the value that all the customers buy the product is using the expectation they have about how much the production is worth to them. Cadbury has introduced various products for different customer segments so that every customer segment has different expectations of price from the product. Therefore maximizing the returns includes maintaining right price level for each segment and then increasing moving through them. Promotion: Where and when can you get across your marketing message to your target market? Effective advertising attracts and generates supporting feelings for any business. To reach out to the consumers, communication plays an important. For the marketing of any product, advertisement and promotions are the best means of communication about the product to the end user. Cadbury does its promotions through Televisions, consumer contact activity, etc. Some of the most famous marketing campaigns of Cadbury are: Khane Walon Ko Khane Ka Bahana Chahiye for Cadbury Dairy Milk Thodi Si Pet Pooja Kabhi Bhi Kahin Bhi for Perk Cadbury gives special promotional offers during festivals like Diwali, Holi, etc. and special occasions like Valentines Day. It continuously introduces new products to maintain its brand and to expand its market share. Current Marketing Strategies used by Cadbury and Market Segments Current Marketing Strategy used by Cadbury: To encourage the consumers Cadbury uses many strategies. Some of them are as follows: On Every Hand Everywhere: The customers demand flawless services from the salesmen and they have to deliver that to the customers. Cadbury is the market leader in confectionery and chocolates. Their sales team plays an important role in the success. They regularly conduct surveys of consumers choice and requirements. They deliver the products not only in the super markets but also in the small shops, so that every segment of the customers can easily get their products. They also provide selling techniques. Growing with Emerging Markets: Revenue of the company grows with the emerging markets. They continuously modify the products to fulfill the requirement of all segments of consumers. This strategy leads them to a growth of above 20% annually for the past three years. A strong foundation: Since 1948, Cadbury is serving their products in India and they have created a very strong tradition and leadership position. They are the number one chocolate brand with a share of about 70%. Today only one third of the population buys the chocolate so Cadbury is challenged to introduce the pleasure of Cadbury to many peoples. Growing with the market: To attract the broader range of consumers is the main target the Cadbury. They created a base range of their acceptable chocolate brands at more reasonable and affordable price. They also introduced the gift range products for the customers segments with high-income group. Functional advantage: Cadbury Bournvita was launched in India in 1948 and it always required providing nutrition that helps in the development and growth. Today the natural goodness of milk, chocolate and malt is prepared with vitamins A, B1, B3, B6, B12 and C, plus protein, iron, calcium, manganese, zinc, and folic acid. It is also known as a cup of confidence. Affordable luxury: Cadbury has increased their presence in the candy in the form of halls and Cadbury dairy milk Eclairs. Eclairs became more popular in the markets with a hotter climate. The consumers find the delicious taste of chocolate in the middle that easily melts in the mouth and not in the hot climate. It is also an affordable chocolate for everyone. The new Eclairs Crunch is with more crispy caramel shell for hot climatic conditions. Market Segments Market place includes different segments of customers having different needs and wants. It can be classified as: Geographic Segmentation: It is to divide the market on the basis of its location, regions, towns, city or country. Demographic Segmentation: It is most common basis of market segmentation. This factor is directly related to the demand of the product and it is easy to measure. It can be classified as age group of consumers, gender, Life style, income of family etc. Psycho graphic Segmentation: it divides the consumer of the basis of social class, lifestyle of consumers or personality. This helps the company to examine the quality that how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.   Behavioral Segmentation: It divides consumer on the basis of their attitudes, knowledge, response or uses to a product. Considering all the above factors, Cadbury has targeted different segments within the market as: Break segment some products are consumed during short breaks with coffee and tea, for example snack range and Perk. Desire segment under this segment products are purchase on desire, for example Cadburys Dairy Milk, temptation etc. Take home segment this segment express the products that are purchased from supermarkets and taken home for consumption, for example Bournvita. SWOT Analysis of Cadbury SWOT Analysis is the method to evaluate the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats involved in an organization. It includes identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable or unfavorable to achieve the objectives of the organization. Strength: 1. Largest global confectionery supplier. 2. Market leaders in three sectors: Chocolates, Confectionery and food drinks 3. Cost of Production is low due to economic of scale which leads to higher profit and better market penetration. 4. High financial strength. 5. Strong brand name and leader in innovations. Weakness: 1. Poor technology in India as compared to other nations 2. Limited key products as it is depended only on chocolates and beverage market compared to other competitors. Opportunities: 1. Growing middle class and growing urban population. 2. Increasing gifts cultures. 3. Substitute to Mithais with higher calories/cholesterol. 4. Increasing concept in departmental stores- desire @ at cash counters. 5. Opportunity increases with increase in market shares by acquisition. 6. Transfer production to low cost countries where labour cost and raw material will be cheap. 7. Introduction of new products with low fats. Threats: 1. Due to highest brand equity and low cost, it is successful in India. 2. Globalization will bring in better brands for upper end of the market. 3. High fats and calories in the products of Cadbury may reduce the demand of the consumers who are conscious of nutrition and healthier lifestyles. 4. Competitive pressure from other national and global suppliers. Conclusion Brand plays an important role for growth in todays competitive business environment. It helps to maintain profitability in long run by differentiation in the products and loyalty of customer. Cadbury Dairy Milk brand has developed its Megabrand Product range having its own identity, but now they all comes under the Dairy Milk brand. This proposal is planned to maximize the strength of the Cadbury Dairy Milk brand. The strategy involved a packaging and range refreshment strategy, which has resulted in a unified innovative Dairy Milk brand. Having exceeded initial sales targets by a considerable margin, the strategy can be considered a success! Branding is also one of the most important parts of any business whether it is small or large, B2B or retail. An effective brand strategy results into the major periphery in increasingly competitive markets. The foundation of the brand is your logo, website, packaging and promotional materials all of which should integrate your logocommunicate y our brand.

Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

A Physical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states: California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to levera ge existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. B Network Commonality and Variance According to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBX's, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. II References VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage ® Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis A Physical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states: California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to levera ge existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. B Network Commonality and Variance According to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBX's, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. II References VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage ® Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP

Nelson Glueck

Nelson Glueck was born on June 4, 1900 in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the 70 years of his life he was a well-known Rabbi and archaeologist until his death on February 12, 1971. At the age of 23, he was ordained as a Reform rabbi by the Hebrew Union College and four years later was awarded his Ph.D. at Jena, Germany, for his dissertation on the biblical concept of hesed (the Hebrew term for goodness or divine kindness). Until World War II Gluek worked with William Foxwell Albright at the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem (ASOR,) and Albright's excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim. Glueck himself served as director of ASOR, as well as having a faculty position at HUC in Jerusalem. After graduating from Cincinnati Public Schools, he atteneded the University of Cincinnati where he received his bachelor's degree. Glueck went home in 1931 and married Helen Ransohof Iglauer, a medical student at the University of Cincinnati who was a professor of medicine. Their only son Dr. Charles Jonathan Glueck was a noted physician as well. Glueck continued his studies in Germany for four years and received his doctorate degree from the University of Jena in 1926. For the next two years (1927-28) he would continue his studies at the School in Jerusalem. While studying in Palestine he became interested in archaeology, returning twice (1930 and 1932) to take part in an excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, probably Biblical Debir (Kirjath-Sepher). â€Å"During World War II Glueck served in the Office of Strategic Services (the precursor of the CIA), examining possible escape routes for the allies through the desert, in anticipation of the German army under General Rommel, reaching Palestine. Fortunately, Rommel's advance was halted by the Allies in Egypt.† He created the HUC Biblical and Archaeological School in Jerusalem in 1963, the same year that he appeared on the cover of Time magazine. The institute was renamed in 1972 to the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology. Glueck after the war became president of the Hebrew Union College, and then president of the combined HUC-Jewish Institute of Religion, a position he held until his death in 1971. This is the same colledge that ordained him as a Rabbi. As president Glueck oversaw the merger of HUC with the Jewish Institute of Religion, expanding the institution based out of Cincinnati to now include schools in New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. He played a vital role in the creation of the Schools of Jewish Communal Service and was the founder of the School of Biblical and Archaeological Studies in Jerusalem, in honor of him they now bears his name.Excavation Sites and Methods of ExcavationThe Bible was his map for excavations and, in turn, the excavations shed a bit of light on the Bible. Sheldon H. Blank and H. Ginsberg note, â€Å"A scientist he was, yet a fragment of a wall or a potsherd could evoke an emotional as well as an intellectual response. He had a love affair with the Land (the â€Å"heartland†), he uncovered not the history but the drama of people.† â€Å"This makes sense seeing Glueck's service as a rabbi and studies of the Old Testament. Glueck excavated several sites in 1950 he excavated the remains of the civilization of the Nabataeans in Transjordan, this was a copper-mining industry that was located at the shore of the Red Sea. This showed how the Negev could support a such a large population due to the use of irrigation techniques using the Red Sea. Therefore what Glueck says about Negev is, â€Å"The length and width of the Negev were interconnected with roads marked by fortresses, villages, way stations and watertight cisterns.† The erecting of fortresses over the Negev served as an excellent source of protection and saw villages flourish, and agriculture grows, and watertight cisterns surrounded the Negev which made possible the emergence of villages and flocks in areas where they would otherwise not be present. Glueck also spent a lot of time working to define a history for the Negev and wrote: â€Å"The Archaeological History of the Negev† based on his findings. Glueck notes that there were a series of civilizations there and that the Negev is positioned between Canaan, Arabia, and Egypt which made it a strategic location. He indicates that the different civilizations experienced no significant changes in the climate and that no climatic changes have occurred within the last ten thousand years at least. Chalcolithic pottery has been located in the Negev which indicates that a civilization existed there during that period. After this civilization disappeared, the land was unused for almost a thousand years until the Middle Bronze I period (between 21st and 19th centuries BC). â€Å"This civilization was agricultural as evidenced by â€Å"beehive† stone houses that are located on slopes of hills located above land useable for farming.† â€Å"Cup holes† carved in limestone were found that indicate they were used for grinding grain and this evidence has been placed in MB I by the stories of Abraham in the Old Testament.Glueck ExcavationsArchaeology discovered by Glueck indicates a range of civilizations such as the Nabateans who left a substantial amount of pottery behind. Nabateans were known for their worship of multiple deities and are traditionally identified as being pagan which makes the discovery of Khierbet Et-Tannur (a temple) significant. Glueck notes that while the entire site had not been excavated at the time of his writing, â€Å"A whole pantheon of hitherto unknown Nabataean deities was found in the temple that had become their grave.† This temple sits on top of a hill with evidence of staircases leading up steep areas and leading Glueck to believe that goddesses were honored at the peak of this hill and those like it. In 1938 Glueck also did an excavation on the northern third, during the excavation of the site he found a location of forty-five rooms. â€Å"The mound's most impressive structure was uncovered in the northwest corner of the excavated area, a building complex consisting of three roughly square units at the northern end and three larger rectangular rooms extending to the south. † The latter are 7.40 m in length and of varying widths (2.00-3.00 m). The building measures 13.20 m in length (north-south) and is 12.30 m wide on the north side and 13.20 m wide on the south side. The exterior walls are 1.20 m wide; interior walls vary between 0.95 and 1.05 m. The walls were preserved to a height of 2.70 m. The building is almost entirely of mudbrick construction. Its bricks measure ca. 0.40 x 0.20 x 0.10 m and were laid in a roughly â€Å"header and stretcher† fashion. They found 2 horizontal rows of wooden beams that could be consider as construction to strengthening the walls. they had semicircular holes which proved this was a result of the fire and it also confirm the construction and used of wooden beams as written in I Kings. This way of construction with support beams is referenced in I Kings 6:36 which reads, â€Å"He (Solomon) built the inner court with three courses of hewn stone and one course of cedar beams.† Wooden beams, halved in the case of Tell el-Kheleifeh, were embedded across the widths of the walls, creating a stronger bond. The semicircular holes were all that remained after the timbers were consumed in a destruction by fire. These features were also discovered elsewhere in the site's architecture, notably in Room 49. Eight installations, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. Slag was also found at this site which Glueck believes indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh was used to remelt globules of copper ore retrieved through metallurgical processes in the Wadi Arabah smelting sites to shape them into easily salable ingots or pour the molten metal into molds. â€Å"Ezion-Geber was also a marketplace from Arabia to Palestine. Support for this fact came when pottery was found that had horn handles and mat bases which is associated with the Calebites, Kenites, Rechabites, Yerahmeelites, dated to Iron Age I-II. † Furthermore, the building was identified as a stone house granary and had the means of smelting and fire damage present further supporting the results of the fire. Glueck notes, â€Å"The strong winds which constantly blow from the north in the Arabah furnished the draft necessary for the proper functioning of the furnaces.† A fortified outer wall protected the building, and while Ezion-Geber I was probably destroyed by Shishak, it was rebuilt with a gateway reminiscent of Jehosophat of Judah (871-849 BC). Glueck also led important excavations in Ezion-Geber where it is believed that Solomon's naval base was located. Excavations began in March 1998, and it took three months to uncover one-third of the site. Pottery was discovered at this site along with other findings but its important to note is that the pottery varied. A piece of Edomite pottery was discovered carrying the name â€Å"QoS† which could reference a kind of a god. This indicates that this area had been occupied over a long period of time. An article published in The Biblical Archaeologist in 1965 entitled â€Å"Ezion-Geber† finds Glueck arguing that Tell el- Kheleifeh is Ezion-Geber. In this article he indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh is represented by a low small mound that â€Å"is located approximately in the center of the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, midway between Jordanian Aqabah at its east end and Israeli Eilat at its west end.† Today, it sits five hundred yards from the shore and is estimated to have been at least three hundred yards away many millennia ago during its first occupation in 10th century BC. The location appear to be consistent with the Bibles description in I Kings 9:26 of â€Å"beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom.† Glueck further state that, â€Å"The conviction that there has been comparatively little change in the northern shoreline derives partly from our discovery of a copper smelting site on a low shoreline foothill at Mrashrash, now incorporated into Eilat, immediately overlooking the northwest end of the Gulf of Aqabah.† And that the explorations in Eastern Palestine began to appear in 1933, opening new views on the movement of peoples in the Transjordan area in antiquity. Landmarks in his archaeological odyssey were King Solomon's port city Ezion-Geber and his copper mines; the unexpectedly numerous settlements in the Negev; Khirbet Tannur and the civilization of the Nabataeans; the systematic excavation of Tell Gezer. Glueck excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east-west. The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The highest point of the tell was southeast of its center (Square N:17) at +2.84 m, corresponding to the absolute height above sea level of +6.83 m. The deepest excavated level, reportedly to virgin soil, was in Room 113 ( 1.53 m) below benchmark level. The difference in height between the deepest wall foundation of the western casemate perimeter and the top of the preserved walls was 4.37 m. Although, Tell el-Kheleifeh is not considered a conspicuous site today. Its appearance is very familiar to that of the many surrounding hillocks. A surface survey in August 1980 revealed that, the area of extant architecture is little more than 12 square meters and a few mudbrick walls have been preserved to a height of 1.5 m. â€Å"The fragmentary remains could not be located on the plans prepared by Glueck's architect J. Pinkerfeld. It is likely that the existing walls represent an architectural assortment from the various periods of occupation. † They appear to be located south-southeast of the site's largest structure. The excavator's northern, eastern, and western dumps provided the reference points for location. Although there are no visible remains of the most distinctive architectural elements, a wall in the northern section of preserved architecture, with two horizontal rows of apertures, were interpreted initially as flues. Glueck's excavation area is where the mound has been disturbed at several points by modern military installations, most notably an observation tower toward the southern end of Its foundations appear to have cut undisturbed levels to a depth of 1.5 m. Several trenches have also been cut into the northern and western sections of the site, and these disturbances produced an abundance of finds, including a stamped Rhodian jar handle and a bronze trefoil arrowhead. The material remains gleaned from this survey provide a valuable complement to the 1938-40 assemblage.DiscoveriesBiblical scholars have debated for years whether or not the Edomites ever had a true kingdom, or was a mining industry. In the 1930s, Nelson Glueck made a claim to have found King Solomon's mines, citing, among other things, evidence of mining trails, as well as slag mounds. However, Glueck's claim was largely dismissed after British excavations in the 1970s and 80s seemed to show that extensive mining didn't come to the area until hundreds of years after Solomon's rule. A consensus emerged that the Bible was heavily edited in the 5th century BCE, long after the events, while British excavations of the Ed omite highlands in the 1970s-80s suggested the Iron Age had not even come to Edom until the 7th century BCE. Levy, Director of the Levantine Archaeology Lab at UCSD and associate director of the new Center of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture, and Archaeology (CISA3), inferred that data from the first large-scale stratified and systematic excavation of a site in the southern Levant ,gave evidence that complex societies were indeed active in 10th and 9th centuries BCE. Which brings us back to the debate about the historicity of the Hebrew Bible narratives related to this period. Glueck discoveries in Faynan/Edom got laughed at, but this recent discovery has vindicated him. Biblical Impact Glueck believed that the Hebrew Bible contains historical memory, but one that cannot be proven. He felt that the spirit of the Israelites was still alive in modern Israel, instilling that belief in both his students and his colleagues. Today, our research paradigms may differ from those of Glueck's day, but his enthusiasm and scholarly integrity remain with us always. The range of Glueck's excavations speaks volume and will echo through the sands of time. He have certainly paved the way for Biblical archaeology to memmic and gave believers more resources to study outside of the Bible. Archaeology cannot be used to prove a Biblical account, however, it definitely can be used to assert the existence of a certain nation at the same time in history. Through Glueck work and the excavations performed by him, believers now have the abilty to research further and take a deep dive into a rich history.ConclusionGlueck work not only laid a strong foundation but it also paved the way in a since to how archaeology is an understatement, providing believers with a broader knowledge and understanding. Through human beings like Nelson Glueck, archaeology has emerged and will continue to grow in a positive way. The works of Glueck continue to ring true and set a precedent for research that every area on the face of the earth, be it outwardly ever so waste and empty, has a story behind it which the inquisitive sooner or later will attempt to obtain. Wel l put statement by Glueck himself in the relationship of the Bible to archaeology. He writes:â€Å"As a matter of fact, however, it may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a biblical reference. Scores of archaeological findings have been made which confirm to clear outline or in exact detail historical statements in the Bible.And by the same token, proper eval- uations of the biblical descriptions has often led to amazing discoveries. They form tesserae in the vast mosaic of the Bible's almost incredible correct historical memory.†Glueck put his conviction into practice when he sought to locate King Solomons's long-lost port city of Ezion-Geber. The memory of its location had been in Glueck words â€Å"snuffed out.† like the flame of a gutted candle.† Glueck began by consulting 1 Kings of the Bible that documented this site. The biblical statement said it was located beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea in the land of Edom (1 Kings 9:26;10:22). The Bible served him as a guidebook in his explorations, and his explorations shed light on the Bible. An example we can all learn from. Not that he believed archaeology could or even should lend support to the supreme spiritual values and ethical norms which are native to the Bible. These have their own manifest value. Glueck patience and persistence in his work makes his discoveries and works worth remembering. His dedication and the contribution he has made to the field of archaeology is a valued resource for believer and future archaeologist. The Bible is the inspired and accurate Word of God and God often confirm His Word through mankind. Therefore, we should compare the Scriptural records against the archeological discoveries uncovered at these sites where many of these thrilling events of the Bible actually occurred. The results of these detailed investigations are available for all to examine.BibliographyThe Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology, â€Å"Our founder: Nelson Glueck (1900-1971)†, The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology (2010), (accessed October 8, 2018).Albright, William F. â€Å"Nelson Glueck in Memoriam.† Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 202 (1971): 2-1. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1356266. (ac cessed October 8, 2018).Glueck, Nelson. 1961. â€Å"The archaeological history of the Negev.† Hebrew Union College Annual 32, 11-18. ATLASerials, Religion Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed October 8, 2018)Ezion-Geber Nelson Glueck Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh 1965 AD, http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm (accessed October 8, 2018).Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell El-kheleifeh and Jezirit, http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aq (accessed October 8, 2018).Pratico, Gary D. â€Å"Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell El-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal.† Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 259 (1985): 1-32. doi:10.2307/1356795. (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations At Tell El-kheleifeh .., http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- Nelson-gluecks-1 938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico (accessed October 8, 2018).Uncovering The Secrets Of Kahn, Da Vinci And Solomon's .., http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/uncovering-the-secrets (accessed October 8, 2018).King Solomon's (copper) Mines? – University Of California .., http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/soc/10-22KingSolomon.asp (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, New York, Grove Press, 1960, p. 31Price, J. Randall. The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible. Eugene, Oreg.: Harvest House, 1997.

Tituba essays

Tituba essays In the strict Puritan villages of Massachusetts Bay Colony in the late 1600s, people were uneasy about strangers and strange behavior. Puritans worried about the evil eye, where a sudden illness or death of a pig was commonly misconstrued for devils work. It was a place where anyone different was not trusted - and Tituba was perhaps the most different among them. Not only was she a slave, which was unusual in the area, she was also a dark-skinned foreigner, setting her apart from the white Puritan villagers. The first witch accused in the Salem Witch Trials was an Indian slave named Tituba. She was one of the first three women accused of witchcraft, and the only member of this unfortunate trio to survive the year. Samuel Parris, a merchant from Salem, brought her from mysterious Barbados, an island in the Caribbean Sea. Everyone in Salem had heard the seamen's tales of voodoo and black magic on Barbados, of evil spells and strange ceremonies. This was a leading factor to the gossip and distrust that often surrounded her. She maintained the Parriss household with daily chores, and took after their children. For amusement, Tituba began telling stories to the two young girls she took care of, nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and her 11-year-old cousin Abigail Williams. Tituba performed magic tricks for the girls and excited them with tales of magic and spells. Such activities were strictly forbidden by Puritan code. But word secretly spread among the neighborhood girls, and soon a small group of girls-known as the circle girls-were joining Tituba around the fire. In late February of 1692, Reverend Samuel Parris called in a doctor to examine his nine-year-old daughter, Betty, and eleven-year-old niece, Abigail Williams-both of whom were suffering from spontaneous fits. The children were soon diagnosed as victims of witchcraft, which set off an outbreak of panic and hysteria throug...

Best Crucible Act 1 Summary

Best Crucible Act 1 Summary SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The first act of The Crucible sets the stage (literally, heh) for the disturbing sequence of events that will unfold in Acts 2, 3, and 4. Most of the major characters are introduced, and there are critical insights into various political and personal conflicts that threaten to disrupt the social order in the town of Salem. We also learn how the witchcraft craze got started and why it spiraled out of control. This article will go over the very important sequence of events and their thematic relevance so you can answer all the questions your English teacher throws at you. I'll provide both a short summary and a long summary. The short summary is just the bare bones of what happened without getting into too much detail about conversations that are less relevant to the central plot. It's more of a review to read after you've already gone through the play yourself. The long summary, which I'm choosing to call the "oops, I didn't read it" summary, is more in-depth. It goes through everything that occurs in Act 1 without getting too far into the weeds. Despite the title of the second summary, I urge you to actually read the play so you have a stronger understanding of the voices of the characters and the thematic points Miller is trying to make. Also, if you don't read it you'll miss out on some amazing stage directions that can be easily misinterpreted as giggle-worthy euphemisms if you're as immature as me and my fellow blog writers. The CrucibleAct 1 Summary - Short Version Ten-year-old Betty Parris has contracted a mysterious illness that renders her mute and bedridden. Her father, Reverend Samuel Parris, caught her dancing in the woods the night before with a group of girls. The group included his teenage niece, Abigail Williams, and his slave, Tituba. Rumors have spread around town that witchcraft is the cause of Betty’s illness, and people are now gathered at the Parris household. Parris questions Abigail about the rumors, but she claims the girls were just dancing. Ann Putnam says that her daughter, Ruth, who was with the group in the woods, is also afflicted with a strange illness. All of Ann’s children except Ruth have died as infants. Ann sent Ruth to Tituba in hopes that she would be able to communicate with her siblings and find out who or what was responsible for their deaths. To her uncle's dismay, Abigail admits that Tituba and Ruth were conjuring spirits in the woods. Abigail and two girls named Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren, who were also in the woods, are left alone with Betty. They try to wake her up as they get their story straight. Betty blurts out that Abigail drank chicken blood in an attempt to cast a spell that would kill Elizabeth Proctor, and Abigail warns her to keep quiet (or else). John Proctor enters the room, and Mercy and Mary leave Abigail alone with him. John and Abigail had an affair when Abigail worked as a servant in his house, and Abigail wants it to continue. John insists that he has recommitted himself to his wife, Elizabeth. Betty whimpers when she hears the Lord’s name in a psalm that people are singing outside the room. Everyone who is singing outside the room rushes in to check on her. Betty's distress is taken as additional evidence of witchcraft by Ann Putnam, and some of the others start to come around to this theory as well. An intellectual church leader named Reverend Hale arrives from the town of Beverly to investigate the situation and see if he can detect any signs of witchcraft. Abigail confesses that Tituba called the Devil after more details about the previous night are revealed. Tituba isn’t allowed to tell her side of the story (that Abigail was actually the instigator), and when she is threatened with hanging she confesses that she’s been forced to work for the Devil. She also names Sarah Good and Sarah Osburn as fellow witches after prompting by Parris and Hale. Abigail and Betty then admit their unwilling involvement in witchcraft and shout out the names of several other womenwho they claim to have seen with the Devil. I want YOU to join my plot to totally mess with a super lame town in Massachusetts. The CrucibleAct 1 Summary - â€Å"Oops I Didn’t Read It† Version Act 1 opens on a bedroom in Reverend Samuel Parris’ house in the spring of 1692.Parris’ daughter, 10-year-old Betty, is in a deep sleep as a result of an unknown illness, and Parris is kneeling in prayer next to her bed.A woman named Tituba is introduced as the Parris family's middle-aged slave from Barbados; she tries to check on Betty, but she is immediately ordered out of the room by Reverend Parris. Abigail Williams, Parris’ 17-year-old niece, enters the room.She tells him that Susanna Walcott is there with a message from the doctor.Susanna is a teenager a little younger than Abigail.She says that the doctor can't find anything physically wrong with Betty, and they should start to consider supernatural forces as a potential culprit.Parris is very concerned about damage to his reputation if witchcraft is discovered in his house. He urges Susanna to tell the doctor to continue looking for medical reasons for Betty’s condition. However, he has also summoned Reverend Hale from the neighboring town of Beverly to quietly investigate whether there is any truth to this supernatural hypothesis. Susanna leaves, and Abigail and Parris are alone with Betty.Abigail reveals that the rumor of witchcraft has already spread around town, and many people are gathered in the parlor of the house.Parris is reluctant to discredit these rumors because he fears they may be true.The previous night, he saw Abigail and Betty dancing in the forest with Tituba. He also saw a dress on the ground and a girl running naked through the woods. Abigail says that they were just dancing, but Parris knows that she’s not telling the whole truth.Parris demands to know whether witchcraft was involved. He thinks that his reputation is shaky in town and that there’s a group of people who would like to oust him from his position of power.He doesn’t want one of his enemies to find out what really happened before he does and use it against him.Abigail continues to insist that the girls were just dancing. Parris still doesn’t trust her, and he brings up another suspicious scenario.Abigail was dismissed from the household service of a man named John Proctor without explanation, and Proctor’s wife Elizabeth seems to strongly dislike her.Abigail says Elizabeth is just a big ol’ meany and she didn’t do anything to deserve this. At this point in the conversation, a tormented middle-aged woman named Ann Putnam enters the room along with her husband, Thomas Putnam.Ann’s only daughter, Ruth Putnam, is acting catatonic, and Ann thinks Betty is afflicted with the same apparently supernatural illness.Ann is a firm believer in witchcraft because seven of her babies have died in infancy, leaving her with only one living child. She sees no possible explanation for this that is not supernatural in nature. The Putnams are glad that Parris has summoned Reverend Hale to investigate the situation because Hale supposedly caught a witch in Beverley recently. Parris is still trying to shut down the witchcraft conversation because of the damage it might do to his reputation.Ann reveals to Parris that she actually sent Ruth to consult with Tituba the night before because Tituba can communicate with the dead.Ann wanted Ruth to talk to her dead siblings and find out who killed them.The Putnams say they are convinced that a baby-killing witch is running rampant.Abigail realizes that she can’t hide the truth completely now that Ann has revealed that she sent Ruth to Tituba to try and communicate with the dead.Abigail admits that Tituba and Ruth were conjuring spirits.Parris is convinced his livelihood is ruined now that someone who lives under his roof has been revealed to be a witch. ThomasPutnam tells Parris he should get ahead of the situation and make the witchcraft accusations himself so no one can accuse him first. A girl named Mercy Lewis, who is Putnam’s servant, arrives to check on how Betty is doing, and the Putnams and Parris leave so that Parris can lead everyone in a psalm.Abigail and Mercy are left alone, and they try to rouse Betty to no avail.The two girls decide their official story will be that they were just dancing, and there was no magic involved. Then, another teenage girl named Mary Warren enters the room.She was also with them in the forest the previous night, and she is convinced they must confess to what they’ve done because of the rumors swirling around. Suddenly, Betty gets a burst of energy.She reveals that Abby drank chicken blood in the forest in an attempt to cast a spell to kill Elizabeth Proctor.Abigail slaps her and tells everyone that they had better stay quiet about the details of what really happened. Abigail says that she's seen some stuff (i.e. her parents were murdered by Native Americans right in front of her), so she has no qualms about resorting to violence to force them to keep her secret. John Proctor, a farmer, then enters the room.He yells at Mary Warren, who is his servant, for leaving his house when he forbid her from doing so.Mary and Mercy both leave, and Abigail and John are left alone. Abigail and John had an affair that was discovered by his wife, which was the reason for her dismissal from their household. Abigail is still in love with Proctor, but he wants to distance himself from her and recommit to Elizabeth.Abigail is angry and frustrated that he won’t return her advances.She insults his wife and continues to insist that he still loves her. Their attention is diverted because Betty starts whimpering after the words â€Å"going up to Jesus† are uttered in the psalm people are singing in the other room. ReverendParris, the Putnams, and Mercy Lewis all rush in to check on her.Ann Putnam is convinced that they upset Betty by saying the Lord’s name and that her reaction clearly means that she is bewitched with black magic. Rebecca Nurse, and old and highly respected woman in Salem, enters the room along with an old man named Giles Corey.Rebecca stands calmly next to the bed,and Betty quiets down.Everyone is impressed with this, and the Putnams ask if Rebecca can also help Ruth, but Rebecca doesn't think there's anything supernatural going on. Betty is just acting up as kids are prone to do. John Proctor questions Reverend Parris on his decision to summon Reverend Hale. This action seems to imply that Parris believes witchcraft could be the source of Betty’s illness.Rebecca suggests that they should rely on the doctor and avoiding bringing Reverend Hale into the situation because it will cause unnecessary conflict.Thomas Putnam takes issue with this, and he tells Parris that when Reverend Hale arrives they must look for signs of witchcraft. Proctor says Putnam can’t tell Parris what to do just because Putnam owns a lot of land in the town.Putnam fires back that he hasn’t seen Proctor in church recently, so he clearly doesn’t care that much about upholding the integrity of their society.Proctor claims he doesn’t go to church because all Parris talks about is Hell.Parris says that a lot of people in Salem need to hear more about Hell because he hasn’t been properly compensated for his job based on his qualifications.He then implies that Proctor is the leader of a faction against him in the church.Proctor is unaware of the existence of this faction, but he says he would gladly join it because he’s fed up with Parris’ superiority complex. He expects Giles Corey to be on his side, but Giles unexpectedly suports Parris because he thinks there may be something to the witchcraft hypothesis.Giles has been in court six times that year for various lawsuits. He says that everyone has been suing each otherleft and right, so there must be some sort of dark magic going on behind the scenes.Proctor points out that Giles is the cause of many of these suits because he is always suing people for defamation for no reason. Proctor and Putnam argue briefly about who owns a certain tract of land near the woods where Proctor plans on gathering lumber.It turns out that there is a lot of ambiguity in Salem over who owns which tracts of land because in his will Putnam’s grandfather claimed land that he didn’t actually own. Reverend Hale enters the room with a stack of academic books.He speaks briefly with everyone, and it’s clear that he’s well-respected. Hale views the investigation of witchcraft as serious scientific inquiry.He makes everyone agree not to push the issue if he doesn’t find anything pointing to the Devil’s work.He brought the books because they explain all the different forms the Devil can take. With this information on hand, he's sure that he can find out whether Betty's illness is linked to the work of Satan. Rebecca Nurse is skeptical of the whole situation, and she leaves the room before Hale begins his investigation.Giles tries to consult Hale about his wife, Martha, who he says has been reading strange books.He is worried that this might signify something sinister because he was unable to say his prayers while she was reading.Hale is somewhat intrigued and says they can discuss the issue later. Hale addresses Betty, asking her if someone is bewitching her. Betty does not respond to his questions at first.Abigail is pressed with more questions about what exactly was going on in the woods.Parris says that when he came upon the girls, he saw that they had a kettle with a frog in it.Faced with this damning evidence of black magic, Abigail admits that Tituba called the Devil.Tituba is dragged into the room to face these charges.Immediately, Abigail places all the blame on her, claiming that Tituba made her drink chicken blood from the kettle.Tituba protests that Abigail was the one who instigated the meeting in the woods, but she is drowned out by further accusations from Abigail.Parris and Hale also talk over her attempts to explain herself. Parris says Tituba must confess to what she’s done or he will whip her to death, and Putnam says she must be hung.Tituba is terrified, so she breaks down and says the Devil forced her to work for him.She claims someone else is bewitching Betty because she’s seen other people with the Devil.Putnam, Parris, and Hale encourage her to tell them who she has seen (and plant the names of Goody Good and Goody Osburn in her mind as potential witches).They claim that after renouncing her allegiance to the Devil, she is now God’s instrument in the village sent to help them uncover the full extent of his Satanic plot. Tituba says the Devil told her to kill Reverend Parris, and he promised her a better life if she worked for him.She claims that she saw Goody Good (Sarah Good) and Goody Osburn (Sarah Osburn) with the Devil.Goody Osburn was Ann Putnam’s midwife three times, so this accusation confirms the Putnams' suspicions that witchcraft was involved in the deaths of their babies.Abigail soon chimes in with her own hysterical set of confessions, claiming thatshe saw the Devil and wrote in his book.Abigail adds more people to the list of the accused.Betty suddenly wakes up and joins her in shouting out additional accusations.Hale and Parris rejoice at Betty's apparent miraculous recovery.Putnam summons the marshal so that they can arrest the witches and bring them to justice. The Devil apparently has some kind of special friendship book that he makes people sign when they join his crew. Adorable. The CrucibleAct 1 Quotes In this section, I'll go over a few quotes that I think are important in establishing the themes and characterizations that emerge in Act 1. â€Å"I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just now when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my very character.† (Reverend Parris pg. ) This quote shows the gravity with which Parris views his position in the town and the degree of authority he thinks should accompany it.He’s less focused on spreading the word of God than on exploiting his position as a religious authority so he can gain greater power in the community. Now his reputation may be ruined, which means he’ll be back to square one and have to rebuild the control he has worked so hard to acquire. â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!† (Abigail Williams pg. 12) The value of a person's name is a recurring topic in The Crucible. Reputation is hugely important to these characters because it’s inextricably linked to respect and power in a highly interdependent community. Here Abigail shifts the focus away from her own reputation by trashing the reputation of Goody Proctor.If she can convince people that Goody Proctor is not to be trusted, the rumors about her own sins will lose credibility. â€Å"Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it; I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down!† (Abigail Williams pg. 19) Abigail threatens the other girls with violence if they dare tell anyone that she tried to kill Goody Proctor with black magic. This quote tells us that Abigail has experienced severe emotional trauma in the past that almost certainly affects her current mental state.It also gives us a taste of how far she’s willing to go to achieve her desired outcome and/or exact revenge. â€Å"I look for John Proctor who took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew what lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes?† (Abigail Williams pg. 22) Abigail pleads with John Proctor to continue their affair, which she feels has enlightened her to the hypocrisy that permeates Salem’s culture.She can’t go back to her ignorant state after she’s already seen the light, and the affair is the only outlet available to her to feel special and different within a community where she has little power or outlets for honest expression.After John's rejection, her angst will find another, even more destructive path to follow. â€Å"There are wheels within wheels in the village, and fires within fires!† (Ann Putnam pg. 26) Ann Putnam says this because she’s convinced that there are supernatural Satanic forces conspiring against her that have led to her family misfortunes.However, this quote has a much broader secular meaning that applies to the events in the play overall.There are all kinds of underlying motivations that trigger accusations of witchcraft in Salem.Petty vengeance, greed, and jealousy are festering beneath the surface of an outwardly respectable community, and they’re about to find their release. â€Å"We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone, and I must tell you all that I shall not proceed unless you are prepared to believe me if I should find no bruise of Hell upon her.† (Reverend Hale pg. 35) From our modern viewpoint, this quote is a very strong example of irony. Bysearching for marks of the Devil’s presence in the first place, Hale has already subscribed to superstition.People are also condemned throughout the rest of the play for involvement with the Devil when there’s absolutely no hard evidence besides the word of one other person.Hale's adherence to scientific principles will give him just enough insight to see the injustices that have been committed in Salem after it's too late for him to turn back the tide of hysteria. I'm not sure what Hale expected to find. A pentagram ankle tattoo? A little souvenir pitchfork? A button that says "Satan 4 Prez"? Eh, I guess there are a lot of possibilities. The CrucibleAct 1 Thematic Analysis Let's go over some of the play's key themes and how they relate to the first act. Irony Irony and hypocrisy are recurring concepts in The Crucible. There are several exchanges in Act 1 that are rife with irony. Abigail claims that John Proctor opened her eyes to the pretenses of Salem (pg. 22). She realized all the lies she’d been told by people who supposedly adhered to the conventions of respectable society.However, in distress from Proctor’s refusal to acknowledge their relationship, Abigail creates her own lies that give her increased control over the society she resents.By putting on a false front to advance her status and get what she wants, she becomes just like the hypocrites she claims to despise. The most prominent example of dramatic irony in this act is the quote from Hale (pg. 35) that was explained in the last section. Hale claims that they must avoid superstition and hasty conclusions in their investigation of Betty’s affliction. We, the modern audience, know that searching for "the Devil's marks" as the potential cause of an ailment is an inherently superstitious practice. Hale, however, is convinced that a scientific inquiry based only on facts and reality can be conducted to detect a supernatural presence. Hysteria In Act 1 it becomes clear how mass hysteria can evolve out of desires for self-preservation. When Abigail admits that Ruth and Tituba were conjuring spirits, Thomas Putnam urges Parris to go on the offensive immediately with this information. If he makes his own accusations of witchcraft, he will prevent others from accusing him first and putting his credibility at stake. As rumors of witchcraft spread, this fear-driven philosophy will be universally adopted, leading to more and more accusations and an environment of paranoia. The speed at which rumors morph into accepted truths is too rapid for a few rational voices to contain them. Although Parris only calls Reverend Hale to examine Betty as a precaution, people assume that Hale’s involvement means there must be a supernatural element to her illness.Even as Parris tries to avoid supernatural explanations to protect his reputation, he is quickly caught up in the misplaced interpretations of others and forced to adopt them as his own so that he isn't gobbledup by the hysteria monster. It becomes abundantly clear that people see only what they want to see (i.e. whatever keeps them in the good graces of society) in situations that don't appear to have easy rational explanations. Ann Putnam, for example, will seize at any opportunity to blame supernatural forces for the deaths of her children.Extreme conclusions like Ann's "a witch murdered my babies with black magic" are accepted because rational people are too afraid to challenge this consensus and risk bringing accusations upon themselves. Reputation Reverend Parris' concerns about his reputation take center stage, so to speak, in Act 1. Parris initially insists that there are â€Å"no unnatural causes† for Betty’s illness, not because he’s devoted to science and rationality, but because he fears that he will be disgraced if witchcraft is discovered under his roof.He interrogates Abigail because he’s worried his enemies will learn the full story first and use it to discredit him. Once he gets confirmation from Abigail that some witchy business happened in the woods, he is quick to position himself on the side of the accusers and threaten violence on Tituba if she doesn't confess (pg. 42). He has no central belief system beyond a desire to do what makes him look best in the eyes of the majority. Abigail is also concerned about her reputation. She is enraged when Parris insinuates that there was something untoward about her dismissal from the Proctors’ service.She insists that she has done nothing wrong and tries to discredit Elizabeth Proctor to divert attention away from her own actions. "My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!" (pg. 12). These actions and reactions in Act 1 establish the importance that characters place on maintaining respect for their names. A poor reputation can severely affect a person’s position in this small, interdependent society, whether the assumptions or rumors swirling around are true or not. Power and Authority The church has a great deal of power in Salem, and therefore much of the authority we see exercised in the play is associated with religion. Reverend Parris is currently in a position of power as the town's spiritual leader. However, he is convinced there is a faction in town that is determined to unseat him, and he will say and do whatever it takes to retain control.He demands unconditional respect for his authority as God’s instrument in the community. From his point of view,"There is either obedience or the church will burn like Hell is burning!" (pg. 28) Abigail, on the other hand, struggles to claim greater agency outside of traditional means. Her dominant personality doesn't fit with her low status in society as a young woman with no family. Initially, she sees a path to higher standing in society through becoming John Proctor’s wife. When he rejects her, she takes another route to power through accusations that exploit the fears of others to a point where even the most respected people in town are afraid to challenge her. The power structure in Salem is also responsible for the blame heaped on Tituba and the misinterpretations that follow.Tituba has the least authority out of anyone, so it’s easy for Abigail to use her as a scapegoat. IfTituba was permitted to explain what really happened, the tragic events of the rest of the play might have been prevented. However, she is only given a voice when she agrees to corroborate the version of events that the people in traditional positions of authority believe to be accurate.She becomes, according to Hale, "God's instrument put in our hands to discover the Devil's agents among us" (pg. 44) after she renounces her presumed allegiance to the Devil and accepts her role as a pawn to be used by those with greater power. As has been the case throughout history in both fiction and reality, the desire for power ends up costing way too many innocent people their lives. The Crucible Act 1 Summary:Conclusion In Act 1 of The Crucible, the roots of the witch hysteria are established, and we learn critical background information about many of the characters. Let's do a super short bullet point recap of the important plot points: The play is set in the town of Salem, MA, and the year is 1692. Betty Parris, a young girl, is sick, but no one can figure out why. Rumors spread around town that she's been bewitched. Betty's dad is Reverend Parris, the new-ish church leader in Salem, who is paranoid about his reputation amongst the townspeople. Abigail Williams, Reverend Parris' teenage niece and Betty's cousin, is questioned by Parris about the cause of Betty's illness. He knows that Abigail, Betty, and Parris' slave, Tituba, were dancing in the woods the night before and perhaps conducting some kind of ritual. Abigail claims there was no witchcraft involved. Abigail had an affair with a farmer named John Proctor while serving in his house, and she's still into him, but he wants to forget it ever happened. Betty says that Abigail tried to put a curse on John's wife, Elizabeth Proctor, in order to kill her and take her place, but no one else knows about this, and Abigail warns her to keep quiet. Reverend Hale, the church leader from the town of Beverley, is summoned to examine Betty because he's an expert on witchcraft. Tituba is accused of calling the Devil in the woods based on Abigail's testimony, and she confesses under pressure from Hale. Tituba names Goody Good and Goody Osburn as fellow witches after their names are suggested. Abigail plays the victim and accuses more women of witchcraft. Betty wakes up and makes accusations of her own, following Abigail's lead. In Act 2, you can look forward to learning more about the state of the Proctors' marriage and just how crazy things have gotten in Salem in the weeks after the initial accusations. Also, John Proctor throws a few more tantrums borne of emotional immaturity, so get PUMPED. What's Next? If you want a complete summary of the whole play rather than just one act, we've got you covered. Check out our holistic summary article to review what happens from start to finish. Looking for some in-depth analysis of characters in The Crucible? Read our complete assessments of John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey, and Mary Warren. If you want some advice on understanding the ideas behind the play so you can write a killer essay or ace your next test, read our guide to the most important themes in The Crucible. 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